Shrimp Farming

Biosecurity is the management practices that prevent non-infected, healthy animal populations from being exposed to infectious or parasitic agents. Common biosecurity measures include: 1. Sanitation:                        Sanitation includes the cleaning and disinfecting of hatcheries, holding facilities, tanks, ponds, handling and vaccination equipment, etc. Cleaning must be done before disinfecting. Disinfectants include chlorine, heat, steam, formalin, and other chemical compounds. All of the chemical disinfectants are toxic, so all equipment should be rinsed well after disinfecting. 2. Vertical disease transmission:                        Vertically transmitted diseases (from parent to offspring) can be prevented by using healthy, disease-free broodstock. 3. Egg disinfection:                     ...

The world's demands for high quality aquaculture products make control of diseases increasingly important. Good Bio security measures are vital to maintaining healthy animals, to reducing the risk of acquiring diseases in aquaculture facilities and to harvest high quality good yield. Biosecurity Biosecurity can be defined as ‘the measures and methods adopted to secure a disease free environment in all phases of aquaculture practices (i.e. hatcheries, nurseries, growout farms) for improved profitability’. Biosecurity protocols are intended to maintain the "security" of a facility (i.e., prevent entry of, or reduce overall numbers prior to entry) with respect to certain diseasecausing organisms (parasites, bacteria, viruses and fungi) that may not be present in a particular system. In short, food producers have consumer safety as their primary target. If the food they produce is not safe, no economic model works. The second and equally important target ...

Introduction: During the early 2010, concerned by high shrimp selling prices, many manufacturers decided to use improved stocking densities in the pursuit of higher production levels. However, abnormally high water temperatures (>32°C) and greater feeding rates resulted in increased organic matter levels in the ponds, with the occurrence of a new pathological entity called “ white feces disease ”. The disease was first identified in Penaeus monodon cultivated in low salinity waters (3- 5‰), but it was far along spread throughout complete shrimp production area, where currently 99% production corresponds to Litopenaeus vannamei.  Disease scenario: The disease happens under different soil conditions, and it results in depreciated water quality. Peak mortality rates are seen in the appearance of very low oxygen (<3.0 mg/L)/low alkalinity (<80 ppm) levels. Initial disease signs appear in both control feed trays and at water surface, where abunda...

Water quality management is basically the management of water quality parameters daily to keep it in optimal conditions for growth of shrimp .   This is very important to prevent the shrimp experience stress that can accelerate the shrimp to various diseases. Water quality parameters that must be managed well are: (1) Transparency and Water Color, (2) pH  (Potential Hydrogen) (3) DO  (Dissolved Oxygen) (4) Salinity (5) Temperature (6) TAN (Total Ammonia Nitrogen) (7) Free Ammonia (NH3) and (8) Alkalinity Transparency and Water Color: These water quality parameters reflecting the type and density of plankton.   Core of this management is that each change can be followed and is anticipated to avoid stress on the cultured shrimp.   The more intense the color of water signifies the more dense the number of existing plankton.   Plankton density is too high may affect fluctuations in dissolved oxygen and pH in the pond.   On a su...

In order  L. Vannamei   can grow optimally, it needs a place to live that can provide state physics, chemistry, and biology is optimal. Physical environmental conditions are including temperature and salinity. While the chemical conditions is including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, orthophosphoric, and the presence of plankton as natural feed. Should be noted that environmental conditions can inhibit the growth of shrimp, shrimp can be deadly, such as the emergence of toxic gases and pathogenic microorganisms. Temperature is one factor controlling the speed of biochemical reactions.   This is because the temperature can determine the metabolic rate of shrimp and other aquatic organisms.   Low temperatures will result in a lower metabolic system in contrast to the high temperatures will spur a more rapid metabolism.   In order for the cultivation of L.   Vannamei to work well, pond waters temperature range sugges...

One of the inherent elements of characteristic aquatic ecosystems environments is the practically entire reusing of feed materials through the natural biological food web. Fish discharges are metabolized by microorganisms, reaped thus by planktonic creatures (potentially reused inside, e.g. algea control harvested gathered by zooplankton) and in the long run back to the fish. This element is still fundamental in broad culture lakes, however its part decreases as stocking thickness ( pond escalation ) is expanded. Organic loads The organic load in the more escalated pond is high, and an expansive portion of the organic matter settles onto the oxygen-restricted pond base, making anaerobic conditions, backing off the bio-reusing grouping and notwithstanding prompting to the generation of lethal mixes. What's more, the high feed load, stratification, and restricted oxygen supply will prompt to the restraint of nitrogenous waste digestion system, including the ...